Pharmaceutical composition comprising ccn5 as active ingredient, for preventing or treating retinal diseases

ABSTRACT

A pharmaceutical composition containing a CCN5 or a fragment thereof, a nucleic acid encoding the CCN5, a vector containing the nucleic acid, or a recombinant cell containing the nucleic acid or the vector, as an active ingredient and its use in preventing or treating retinal diseases are disclosed. The CCN5 prevents fibrotic changes, caused by TGF-β, EEF, or anti-VEGF drugs, in retinal pigment epithelial cells. In addition, CCN5 recuperates the morphological or functional damage, caused by fibrotic changes, of retinal pigment epithelial cells to the level of normal cells. Therefore, the composition containing CCN5 as an active ingredient can be advantageously utilized for preventing or treating retinal diseases.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/KR2019/006011 filed May 16, 2019, claiming priority based on Korean Patent Application No. 10-2018-0056499 filed May 17, 2018.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a CCN5 protein, a CCN5-encoding nucleic acid molecule, or a vector containing the nucleic acid molecule as an active ingredient as well as its use in preventing or treating a retinal disease.

BACKGROUND ART

The retina is a thin transparent membrane that lines the innermost wall of the eye and is in contact with the vitreous body in the eye. The retina serves as a primary organ for visual information processing which converts optical information of an object into electrical signals and transmits images through the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the brain. The retina is a sophisticated tissue composed of more than 100 million photoreceptor cells, more than 1 million ganglion cells, which are retinal output neurons, and numerous neurons that serve as cables connecting these cells. The macular lutea, a central part of the retina which distinguishes colors and objects and provides vision, is composed of a photoreceptor cell layer consisting of cone cells and a ganglion cell layer. In the macular lutea, the electrical signals of images are converted into chemical signals, which are in turn transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve formed of the axons of ganglion cells. The part of the retina, other than the macula lutea, is responsible for recognizing the periphery and playing a major role in the dark.

Once an abnormality occurs in the retina due to aging or external factors, this abnormality causes problems with vision and visual field, and leads to blindness in severe cases. Retinal diseases include retinal detachment, in which the retina lifts away from the back of the eye as the neural retina is detached from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell layer, thereby causing vision impairment; peripheral retinal degeneration that causes abnormalities in the tissue around the retina; and macular degeneration that causes abnormalities in the macula lutea. Once the retina is detached from the retinal pigment epithelium, it is not possible to receive optical information about the image. In addition, the nutrient supply from the choroid is not achieved, and thus neurons do not function properly. If this condition persists, permanent retinal atrophy occurs, leading to blindness (Yoo, 2015).

The retinal pigment epithelium is located between the neural retina and the choroid, and is a cubic polarized monolayer that plays a pivotal role in maintaining retinal function. Normal retinal pigment epithelium has a morphologically and functionally asymmetric structure. Deformation of retinal pigment epithelial cells may lead to fibrotic eye diseases such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Under pathological conditions, the retinal pigment epithelial cells are deformed, so that these cells do not have their native morphology and also lose the exocytotic and phagocytotic functions.

On the other hand, in a case where visual impairment begins due to fibrotic deformation of retinal pigment epithelial cells, recovery to the previous vision cannot be achieved. Thus, it is important to detect and treat such deformation at an early stage. Regarding the fibrotic deformation of retinal pigment epithelial cells, early detection and treatment thereof can minimize vision loss; however, there are currently no reliable treatments.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Technical Problem

While studying therapeutic agents for diseases caused by fibrotic deformation of retinal pigment epithelial cells, the present inventors have found that CCN5 restores the morphological or functional damage of retinal pigment epithelial cells, caused by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), to the level of normal cells, and thus has an excellent effect on prevention or treatment of retinal diseases. Based on this finding, the present inventors have completed the present invention.

An object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising CCN5 as an active ingredient.

Solution to Problem

In order to achieve the above object, an aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, CCN5 or a fragment thereof.

In addition, an aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5.

In addition, another aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, a recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5.

In addition, an aspect of the present invention provides a method for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising a step of administering the pharmaceutical composition to an individual.

In addition, an aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as active ingredients, CCN5 or a fragment thereof; and an anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) drug.

In addition, another aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as active ingredients, a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 or a recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5; and an anti-VEGF drug.

In addition, still another aspect of the present invention provides a kit for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as active ingredients, a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 or a recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5; and an anti-VEGF drug.

In addition, an aspect of the present invention provides a composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, a cell into which a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 is introduced.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The CCN5 according to the present invention, a polynucleotide encoding the same, or a virus containing the polynucleotide prevents fibrotic deformation of retinal pigment epithelial cells, induced by TGF-β, EEF (EGTA (ethylene glycol-bi (β-aminoethylether)-N,N,N;,N;-tetraacetic acid)+EGF (epidermal growth factor)+FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2)), or an anti-VEGF drug. In addition, the CCN5, the polynucleotide encoding the same, or the virus containing the polynucleotide can restore the morphological or functional damage of retinal pigment epithelial cells, caused by fibrotic deformation, to the level of normal cells. Accordingly, a composition comprising, as an active ingredient, the CCN5, the polynucleotide encoding the same, or the virus containing the polynucleotide can be effectively used for preventing or treating a retinal disease.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1a schematically illustrates an experimental process for studying fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGF-β.

FIG. 1b illustrates results obtained by observing, under a microscope, fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells when the ARPE-19 cells are treated with TGF-β at indicated concentrations.

FIG. 1c illustrates results obtained by identifying changes in protein expression pattern which occur when the ARPE-19 cells are treated with TGF-β at indicated concentrations.

FIG. 1d illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with TGF-β, and then observing cellular tight junction using anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-α-SMA (smooth muscle actin) antibody, and phalloidin.

FIG. 2a schematically illustrates an experimental process for identifying an inhibitory effect of AdCCN5 on fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGF-β.

FIG. 2b illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with AdLacZ or AdCCN5, and then observing, under a microscope, morphological changes in the ARPE-19 cells which occur when treated with TGF-β.

FIG. 2c illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with AdLacZ or AdCCN5, and then observing changes in expression of CCN5, mesenchymal marker proteins, and epithelial marker proteins in the ARPE-19 cells which occur when treated with TGF-β.

FIG. 2d illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with AdLacZ or AdCCN5, and then identifying, through a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiment, changes in expression of transcripts of mesenchymal marker proteins and epithelial marker proteins in the ARPE-19 cells which occur when treated with TGF-β.

FIG. 2e illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with AdLacZ or AdCCN5, and then observing immunofluorescence images of the ARPE-19 cells, which occur when treated with TGF-β, using anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-α-SMA antibody, and phalloidin.

FIG. 2f illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with AdLacZ or AdCCN5, and then observing, through collagen gel contraction assay, changes in contractility of ARPE-19 cells which occur when treated with TGF-β.

FIG. 3 illustrates results obtained by comparing an inhibitory effect of CCN5 on fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells with that of A83-01, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor.

FIG. 4a illustrates results obtained by identifying an effect of AdCCN5 on migration ability of TGF-β-treated ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 4b illustrates results obtained by identifying an effect of AdCCN5 on expression of RPE65 and MerTK in TGF-β-treated ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 4c illustrates results obtained by identifying, using pHrodo Red BioParticles, an effect of AdCCN5 on phagocytosis of TGF-β-treated ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 4d illustrates results obtained by measuring, using TAMRA-labeled apoptotic thymocytes, an effect of AdCCN5 on phagocytosis of TGF-β-treated ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 5 illustrates results obtained by identifying an effect of AdCCN5 on the TGF-β-SMAD signaling pathway.

FIG. 6a schematically illustrates an experimental process for identifying whether CCN5 can restore fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGF-β.

FIG. 6b illustrates results obtained by observing, under a microscope, that the deformation of ARPE-19 cells is restored by AdCCN5.

FIG. 6c illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with TGF-β followed by AdCCN5, and then observing changes in expression of CCN5, mesenchymal marker proteins, and epithelial marker proteins in the ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 6d illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with TGF-β followed by AdCCN5, and then observing the ARPE-19 cells, using anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-α-SMA antibody, and phalloidin.

FIG. 6e illustrates results obtained by identifying, through collagen gel contraction assay, an effect of AdCCN5 on normalization of contractility of ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 7a illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with TGF-β followed by AdCCN5, and then observing that their migration ability is normalized.

FIG. 7b illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with TGF-β followed by AdCCN5, and then observing that expression of RPE65 and MerTK in the ARPE-19 cells is restored.

FIG. 7c illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with TGF-β, and then identifying an effect of AdCCN5 on phagocytosis of the ARPE-19 cells, using PHRODO® Red BioParticles.

FIG. 7d illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to treatment with TGF-β, and then measuring an effect of AdCCN5 on phagocytosis of the ARPE-19 cells, using TAMRA (5(6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine)-labeled apoptotic thymocytes.

FIG. 8a schematically illustrates an experimental process for identifying an effect of A83-01 in TGF-β-treated ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 8b illustrates results obtained by observing that A83-01 does not normalize changes in expression of CCN5, CCN2, mesenchymal marker proteins, and epithelial marker proteins, which have been caused by TGF-β, in ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 9a schematically illustrates a process for measuring a restorative effect of CCN5 on RPE (retinal pigmented epithelium) deformation in Ccl2^(−/−) mice.

FIG. 9b illustrates results obtained by identifying an effect of AAV9-CCN5 on RPE cells of Ccl2^(−/−) mice, through changes in expression of CCN5, RPE65, MerTK, mesenchymal marker proteins, and epithelial marker proteins.

FIG. 9c illustrates results obtained by identifying an effect of AAV9-CCN5 on formation of tight junction in RPE cells of Ccl2^(−/−) mice, through staining with anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-CCN5 antibody, anti-RPE65 antibody, or anti-α-SMA antibody.

FIG. 10a schematically illustrates a process for identifying whether EEF-induced fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells can be prevented by AdCCN5.

FIG. 10b illustrates results obtained by observing, under a microscope, morphological changes in EEF-treated ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 10c illustrates results obtained by subjecting AdCCN5-treated ARPE-19 cells to treatment with EEF, and then observing changes in expression of CCN5, CCN2, mesenchymal marker proteins, and epithelial marker proteins in the ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 10d illustrates results obtained by subjecting AdCCN5-treated ARPE-19 cells to treatment with EEF, and then observing the ARPE-19 cells using anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-α-SMA antibody, and phalloidin.

FIG. 11a schematically illustrates a process for identifying whether bevacizumab-induced fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells is prevented by AdCCN5.

FIG. 11b illustrates results obtained by observing, under a microscope, morphological changes in bevacizumab-treated ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 11c illustrates results obtained by subjecting AdCCN5-treated ARPE-19 cells to treatment with bevacizumab, and then observing changes in expression of CCN5, CCN2, mesenchymal marker proteins, and epithelial marker proteins in the ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 11d illustrates results obtained by subjecting AdCCN5-treated ARPE-19 cells to treatment with bevacizumab, and then observing the ARPE-19 cells using anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-α-SMA antibody, and phalloidin.

FIG. 12a schematically illustrates a process for identifying whether in a case where ARPE-19 cells are treated with TGF-β and then with modified mRNA encoding CCN5, TGF-β-induced fibrotic deformation of the ARPE-19 cells is restored by CCN5.

FIG. 12b illustrates results obtained by subjecting TGF-β-treated ARPE-19 cells to treatment with modified mRNA encoding CCN5, and then observing changes in expression of CCN5, CCN2, mesenchymal marker proteins, and epithelial marker proteins in the ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 12c illustrates results obtained by subjecting TGF-β-treated ARPE-19 cells to treatment with modified mRNA encoding CCN5, and then observing the ARPE-19 cells using anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-α-SMA antibody, and phalloidin.

FIG. 13a schematically illustrates a process for identifying whether TGF-β-induced fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells is restored by CCN5 protein.

FIG. 13b illustrates results obtained by subjecting TGF-β-treated ARPE-19 cells to treatment with CCN5 protein, and then observing expression of CCN5, CCN2, mesenchymal marker proteins, and epithelial marker proteins in the ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 13c illustrates results obtained by subjecting TGF-β-treated ARPE-19 cells to treatment with CCN5 protein, and then observing the ARPE-19 cells using anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-α-SMA antibody, and phalloidin.

FIG. 14a schematically illustrates a process for measuring whether in a case where ARPE-19 cells are subjected to simultaneous treatment with anti-VEGF drugs (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept) and CCN5 protein, anti-VEGF drug-induced fibrotic deformation of the ARPE-19 cells is inhibited by the CCN5 protein.

FIG. 14b illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to simultaneous treatment with anti-VEGF drugs (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept) and CCN5 protein, and then observing expression of CCN5, CCN2, mesenchymal marker proteins, and epithelial marker proteins in the ARPE-19 cells.

FIG. 14c illustrates results obtained by subjecting ARPE-19 cells to simultaneous treatment with anti-VEGF drugs (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept) and CCN5 protein, and then observing the ARPE-19 cells using anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-α-SMA antibody, and phalloidin.

FIG. 15a schematically illustrates an experimental process for identifying whether in a case where iPSC-derived RPE cells are treated with AAV2-CCN5 and then with TGF-β, TGF-β-induced fibrotic deformation of the RPE cells is inhibited by CCN5.

FIG. 15b illustrates results obtained by subjecting iPSC-derived RPE cells to treatment with AAV2-CCN5 followed by TGF-β, and then observing images of the RPE cells using anti-ZO-1 antibody, anti-α-SMA antibody, and phalloidin.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

In an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, CCN5 or a fragment thereof, and its use in preventing or treating a retinal disease.

As used herein, the term “CCN5” refers to an extracellular matrix (ECM)-related protein belonging to the CCN family (CCN1 to 6) that plays various roles in vascular diseases, angiogenesis, oncogenesis, induction of fibrosis diseases, and regulation of cellular functions such as cell differentiation and survival. CCN5 protein, unlike other CCN family proteins, has no C-terminal domain, and is also called WISP-2, HICP, Cop1, CTGF-L, or the like. In addition, the CCN5 protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 250 amino acid residues.

The pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease of the present invention can prevent or treat fibrotic deformation of retinal pigment epithelial cells. The fibrotic deformation may be induced by any one selected from the group consisting of TGF-β, EGTA, EGF, FGF-2, and anti-VEGF drugs. In an embodiment of the present invention, it was identified that CCN5 prevents fibrotic deformation of RPE cells, induced by TGF-β that is known as a trigger for deformation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In addition, in another embodiment, it was identified that CCN5 restores RPE cells, in which fibrotic deformation has already occurred, to normal cells.

The CCN5 as used herein may be human- or animal-derived CCN5. In an embodiment of the present invention, it was identified that mouse- or human-derived CCN5 has an inhibitory effect on fibrotic deformation of RPE cells.

The mouse-derived CCN5 may be a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In addition, the polynucleotide encoding the mouse-derived CCN5 may include the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In addition, in the present invention, the mouse-derived CCN5 may be in a mature form. Specifically, the mouse-derived CCN5 may be the amino acid sequence of positions 24 to 251 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) obtained by exclusion of the amino acids of positions 1 to 23, which correspond to a signal peptide, from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

The human-derived CCN5 may be a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In addition, the polynucleotide encoding the human-derived CCN5 may include the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In addition, in the present invention, the human-derived CCN5 may be in a mature form. Specifically, the human-derived CCN5 may be the amino acid sequence of positions 24 to 250 of SEQ ID NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 6) obtained by exclusion of the amino acids of positions 1 to 23, which correspond to a signal peptide, from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

As used herein, the term “retinal disease” refers to a disease caused by deformation or loss of function of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Specifically, the retinal disease may be any one selected from the group consisting of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal edema. Here, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is located between the neural retina and the choroid, and is a cubic polarized monolayer that plays an important role in maintaining the function of the retina.

The proliferative vitreoretinopathy is a disease in which in a case of exacerbation of diabetic retinopathy or in a case where a fissure is incompletely closed in retinal detachment surgery, fibrotic cells multiply on the retinal surface or in the vitreous body to form a membrane and the membrane contracts so that retinal detachment is caused. In a case where retinal detachment occurs, retinal pigment epithelial cells are released and transformed into fibrotic cells; and the fibrotic cells are combined with glial cells, which have multiplied on the retinal surface, to form a thin film or traction band. When this film or traction band contracts, fixed wrinkles are formed as the entire retina condenses. Here, in severe cases, the entire retina except for the optic disc may be detached in a funnel shape.

The diabetic retinopathy is a complication that occurs in the retina of the eye due to peripheral circulatory disorder caused by diabetes. The disease may initially have no symptoms and may exhibit symptoms of decreased vision as its invasion into the macular lutea occurs. The diabetic retinopathy may be divided into simple retinopathy, pre-proliferative retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy, depending on the progression stage.

The macular degeneration is a disease in which the macular function decreases as aging progresses, so that vision decreases or is lost. In a case where vision starts to decrease due to this disease, recovery to the previous vision cannot be achieved. The disease is called age-related macular degeneration and is a leading cause of vision loss in old age. The macular degeneration is divided into two types: dry macular degeneration and wet macular degeneration. About 90% of patients suffering from macular degeneration have dry macular degeneration, and this dry macular degeneration occurs in a case where age-related deposits accumulate under the retina or lesions such as retinal pigment epithelial atrophy develop. As visual cells in the macula are slowly destroyed, the macular function decreases and the central vision decreases over time. For the wet macular degeneration, symptoms occur due to abnormal formation of many new blood vessels in the choroid that make up the lower layer of the macular lutea. The wet macular degeneration progresses faster than the dry macular degeneration, which may lead to a sharp drop in vision and lead to blindness within 2 months to 3 years.

The choroidal neovascularization is a disease in which the choroid is damaged due to formation of abnormal blood vessels, so that visual impairment occurs. The choroidal neovascularization is one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. For the choroidal neovascularization, despite various therapeutic attempts, prognosis of vision is poor for most patients.

The retinal edema means that the retina is swollen. As a degeneration or abnormality occurs in fine blood vessels such as capillaries in the retina or macula for various reasons, bleeding may occur, resulting in retinal edema. In a case where edema occurs in the retina, various symptoms may occur, including decreased vision.

In the pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising CCN5 as an active ingredient, CCN5 protein as the active ingredient may be contained in 10% to 95% by weight with respect to the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Also, in addition to the active ingredient, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may further comprise one or more active ingredients that exhibit the same or similar function. In addition to the above-described active ingredients, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for administration.

In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 as well as its use in preventing or treating a retinal disease.

The polynucleotide may be mRNA encoding CCN5. The mRNA encoding CCN5 may be a sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 5 which is a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5. In an embodiment of the present invention, it was identified that modified mRNA encoding CCN5 restores fibrotic deformation of RPE cells induced by TGF-β or EEF (EGTA, EGF, and FGF-2), which is known as a trigger for deforming RPE cells, to the level of normal cells. Modified mRNA refers to mRNA that has been modified in various forms. Such modifications include capping of the 5′ end of mRNA, poly-A tail binding to (polyadenylation of) the 3′ end of mRNA, and addition of a modified nucleotide such as 5-methylcytidine and 2-thiouridine.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, a recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5.

The polynucleotide may be a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 4 which represents CCN5, and the nucleotide sequence may be SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 5. In addition, the polynucleotide may further include a promoter operatively linked thereto so that CCN5 is expressed.

As used herein, the term “operatively linked” refers to functional binding between a nucleotide expression regulatory sequence (for example, promoter, signal sequence, or array of transcription factor binding sites) and another nucleotide sequence. The regulatory sequence may regulate transcription and/or translation of the other nucleic acid sequence.

Specifically, the promoter bound to the polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 may operate preferably in animal cells and more preferably in mammalian cells, to regulate transcription of the CCN5 protein gene. The promoter includes a promoter derived from a mammalian virus and a promoter derived from the genome of a mammalian cell.

The promoter may be any one selected from the group consisting of cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, adenovirus late promoter, vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter, SV40 promoter, herpes simplex virus (HSV) tk promoter, RSV promoter, EF1 alpha promoter, metallothionein promoter, beta-actin promoter, human IL-2 gene promoter, human IFN gene promoter, human IL-4 gene promoter, human lymphotoxin gene promoter, and human GM-CSF gene promoter. However, the promoter is not limited thereto. Specifically, the promoter may be CMV promoter.

The virus may be any one selected from the group consisting of adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), retrovirus, lentivirus, herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia virus. The adeno-associated virus is not limited to a specific serotype, and may preferably be any one of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, and AAV9.

The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is suitable as a gene delivery system of the present invention because it is capable of infecting non-dividing cells and has an ability to infect various types of cells. Details on construction and use of AAV vectors are specifically disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,139,941 and 4,797,368.

Typically, the AAV virus may be produced by co-transfection of a plasmid comprising a gene sequence of interest flanked by two AAV terminal repeats and an expression plasmid comprising a wild-type AAV coding sequence without terminal repeats.

The retinal disease is as described above, and may be any one selected from the group consisting of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal edema.

In addition, a dose of the pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, a recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5, may vary depending on various factors including type of disease, severity of disease, types and amounts of active ingredients and other ingredients contained in the pharmaceutical composition, type of formulation and the patient's age, weight, general health status, gender and diet, time of administration, route of administration, duration of treatment, and simultaneously used drugs.

In still yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising a step of administering, to an individual, a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, according to the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition comprising, as an active ingredient, the CCN5 or a fragment thereof, the polynucleotide that encodes CCN5, or the recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5.

A dose of the pharmaceutical composition comprising, as an active ingredient, the CCN5 or a fragment thereof, the polynucleotide that encodes CCN5, or the recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5, according to the present invention, may vary depending on various factors including type of disease, severity of disease, types and amounts of active ingredients and other ingredients contained in the pharmaceutical composition, type of formulation and the patient's age, weight, general health status, gender, time of administration, route of administration, duration of treatment, and simultaneously used drugs.

However, in the pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising CCN5 as an active ingredient, according to the present invention, CCN5 protein may be contained in an effective amount of 0.0001 to 100 mg/kg so that the pharmaceutical composition exhibits a desirable effect. Here, the administration may be performed once or several times a day.

In addition, the recombinant virus included in the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be administered in an amount of 1.0×10⁵ to 1.0×10¹⁵ viral genomes per day on an adult basis. Specifically, in a dose of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, the virus may be administered in an amount of 1.0×10⁵ to 1.0×10¹⁵, 1.0×10⁷ to 1.0×10¹³, 1.0×10⁸ to 1.0×10¹², or 1.0×10⁹ to 1.0×10¹⁰ per day on an adult basis.

In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be administered to an individual in need thereof by various methods known in the art. The individual may be a mammal, specifically a human. The route of administration may be appropriately selected by a person skilled in the art in consideration of administration method, body fluid volume, viscosity, and the like. Specifically, the administration may be performed via any one selected from the group consisting of intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrasternal, transdermal, intranasal, inhalation, topical, rectal, oral, intraocular, intravitreal, and intradermal routes. In an embodiment of the present invention, a virus encoding CCN5 was administered intravitreally.

In still yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as active ingredients, CCN5 or a fragment thereof; and an anti-VEGF drug.

As used herein, the term “anti-VEGF drug” refers to a drug used to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and may be used to treat specific cancers or age-related macular degeneration. Specifically, the anti-VEGF drug may be bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or aflibercept.

Bevacizumab, sold under the brand name Avastin, is a drug used to treat a number of types of cancers and a specific eye disease. For cancer, bevacizumab is administered by slow injection into a vein and used for colorectal cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, and the like. In addition, for macular degeneration, bevacizumab is administered by direct injection into the eye. In a case where bevacizumab is used for cancer, common side effects thereof include nose bleeds, headache, high blood pressure, rash, and the like. Other severe side effects thereof include gastrointestinal perforation, bleeding, allergic reactions, blood clots, and an increased risk of infection. In a case where bevacizumab is used for eye disease, side effects thereof include vision loss and retinal detachment. Bevacizumab is an angiogenesis inhibitor and belongs to monoclonal antibody-based drugs. Bevacizumab works by slowing the growth of new blood vessels.

Ranibizumab, sold under the brand name LUCENTIS®, is a monoclonal antibody fragment (Fab) created from the same parent mouse antibody as bevacizumab. Ranibizumab, which is an anti-angiogenic drug that has been approved to treat wet age-related macular degeneration, is similar to bevacizumab in terms of effectiveness and rates of side effects.

Aflibercept, sold under the brand name EYLEA®, is a drug that has been approved to treat wet macular degeneration in the United States and Europe.

In still yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as active ingredients, a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 or a recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5; and an anti-VEGF drug.

In addition, according to the present invention, there is provided a kit for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as active ingredients, a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 or a recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5; and an anti-VEGF drug.

Here, the polynucleotide that encodes CCN5, the recombinant virus containing a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5, and the anti-VEGF drug are as described above.

In still yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, a cell into which a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 is introduced.

The cell may be a cell into which an exogenous polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 is introduced. Specifically, the CCN5 may be a human-derived CCN5.

In addition, the cell may be a stem cell or a retinal pigment epithelial cell. The stem cell may be an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) or an adult stem cell. Specifically, the adult stem cell may be a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), a multipotent stem cell, or an amniotic epithelial cell. In addition, the mesenchymal stem cell may be derived from any one selected from the group consisting of umbilical cord, cord blood, bone marrow, fat, muscle, nerve, skin, amniotic membrane, and placenta.

In an embodiment of the present invention, an experiment was performed which identified an effect of CCN5 in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE cells with fibrotic deformation having been induced by TGF-β. As a result of the above experiment, it was identified that fibrotic deformation of iPSC-derived RPE cells induced by TGF-β is prevented by CCN5.

Therefore, according to the present invention, there may be provided a composition for preventing or treating a retinal disease, comprising, as an active ingredient, a cell into which a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5, for preventing or treating fibrotic deformation of RPE cells, is introduced. In addition, according to the present invention, there may be provided a cell therapeutic agent containing a cell into which a polynucleotide that encodes CCN5 is introduced.

In the present invention, the “cell therapeutic agent” refers to a medical product used for the purpose of treatment, diagnosis, and prevention, which is obtained through a series of actions such as performing ex vivo proliferation and screening of living autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic cells or otherwise altering biological properties of the cells, to restore the functions of cells and tissues.

The cell therapeutic agent may be classified into a somatic cell therapeutic agent and a stem cell therapeutic agent, depending on the type and degree of differentiation of cells used. The stem cell therapeutic agent may be classified into an embryonic stem cell therapeutic agent and an adult stem cell therapeutic agent.

Mode for the Invention

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail by way of examples. However, the following examples are only to illustrate the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto.

I. Experimental Preparation and Experimental Method

EXAMPLE 1 Animal Model

Model mice were produced by backcrossing Ccl2−/− mice (Jackson Laboratories, USA) with C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice (Damul Science, Korea) ten times. AAV9-VLP or AAV9-CCN5 was injected into 18-month-old Ccl2−/− mice. All animal experimental methods and protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, and carried out in the facility therein according to the approved guidelines (IACUC GIST-2015-24). Here, the VLP means virus-like particles.

Age-matched WT mice having received AAV9-VLP were used as a control. The mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Zoletil 50 (Virbac, France) and Rompun (Bayer Korea, Korea) at a ratio of 3:1. After surgical procedure, the mice were monitored every other day to check whether any adverse events occurred. As a result of the monitoring, no harmful clinical symptoms were observed in other organs. After 12 weeks, the mice were euthanized with CO₂, and the eyes were enucleated.

EXAMPLE 2 Reagents

Recombinant TGF-β2 was purchased from PeproTech Korea (Korea). ARPE-19 cells were treated with the recombinant TGF-β2 at 10 ng/ml. Recombinant EGF and FGF-2 were purchased from Invitrogen (USA). ARPE-19 cells were treated with 1 mM of EGTA, 10 ng/ml of EGF, and 20 ng/ml of FGF-2. In addition, ARPE-19 cells were treated with the three anti-VEGF drugs, bevacizumab (0.25 mg/ml, Genetech/Roche, USA), ranibizumab (0.125 mg/ml, Novartis Pharma Stein AG, Switzerland), and aflibercept (0.5 mg/ml, Bayer Pharma AG, Germany).

EXAMPLE 3 Production of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vector and Adenovirus

AAVs (serotypes 2 and 9) that express human CCN5 gene using CMV promoter were acquired by requesting Virovek Inc., a U.S. company, to produce and purify the same. As such, AAV2-CCN5 and AAV9-CCN5 were obtained. In addition, a method for producing and purifying a recombinant adenovirus that expresses amino-terminal hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged mouse CCN5 has been described in a previous study (Yoon P O, et al. The opposing effects of CCN2 and CCN5 on the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010; 49(2): 294-303). In this way, AdLacZ and AdCCN5, which are adenoviruses containing genes encoding LacZ and CCN5, respectively, were produced.

EXAMPLE 4 Production of Modified mRNA Encoding CCN5

Modified mRNA encoding CCN5 was acquired by requesting TriLink BioTechnologies, a U.S. company, to produce and purify the same. This modified mRNA is capped with CleanCap at the 5′ end, and has a polyA tail linked to the 3′ end. In addition, this modified mRNA contains 5-methylcytidine and 2-thiouridine.

EXAMPLE 5 Cell Culture

A retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19; ATCC, USA) was cultured in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. using Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F12 Nutrient Mixture medium (DMEM/F12; Welgene, Korea), containing 1% antibiotics (Gibco, USA) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, USA). The medium was replaced with fresh medium every other day. When the cells were cultured to a certain extent in a culture plate, these cells were subcultured using 0.25% trypsin/0.02% EDTA (Gibco, USA).

Human iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were obtained from Axol Bioscience (USA). The cells were cultured in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. using Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F12 Nutrient Mixture medium (DMEM/F12; Gibco, USA), containing 2% B-27 supplement (Gibco, USA) and 1% antibiotic-antifungal agent (Gibco, USA) at a ratio of 7:3. The cells were seeded on 8-well chamber slides (Corning Life Science, USA) precoated with MATRIGEL® (Corning Life Science, USA) at 100,000 cells per well, and the medium was replaced with fresh medium on a daily basis.

The cultured cells were divided into the following two groups and subjected to drug treatment: one group in which induction of differentiation of retinal pigment epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells was suppressed; and the other group in which retinal pigment epithelial cells that had been induced to differentiate into mesenchymal cells were caused to return to normal retinal pigment epithelial cells. The ARPE-19 cells were grown in serum-free medium for 24 hours. Then, the cells were treated with AdCCN5 at 50 multiplicity of infection (MOI) followed by 10 ng/ml of TGF-β2 (PeproTech Korea, Korea), or treated with TGF-β2 followed by AdCCN5.

EXAMPLE 6 Western Blotting

For in vitro experiments, the cultured ARPE-19 cells were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and suspended with a mixed solution of cold RIPA buffer (1% NP-40, 50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, and 10 mM NaF) and a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Germany). The cell suspension was subjected to treatment with an ultrasonic generator for 5 minutes at an amplitude of 5% with a cycle of 2 seconds on/1 second off.

For in vivo experiments, the eyes were enucleated from the Cc2^(−/−) mice. Only the retina/choroid/sclera complex was removed from each eye and placed in cold RIPA buffer. The complex was subjected to treatment with an ultrasonic generator using a ⅛ inch microtip for 10 seconds at an amplitude of 5% with an on-off cycle of 2 seconds/2 seconds. The cell lysate was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The supernatant in which proteins are dissolved was taken and the protein concentration therein was measured using a bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (BCA, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The equal amount of protein sample was mixed with 5× SDS buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Then, the proteins were transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore, USA). The membrane was blocked for 1 hour in a Tris-buffer containing 5% skim milk, and then incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4° C. Then, the membrane was incubated with secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Jackson ImmunoResearch), treated with chemiluminescent substrate (Amersham), and developed through IMAGEQUANT® LAS 4,000 Mini imager (GE Healthcare). Protein quantitative analysis was performed using ImageJ software (NIH).

EXAMPLE 7 Immunofluorescence Staining

Cells that had been grown by being seeded in a 12-well culture plate, each well containing a coverslip, were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and treated with 0.2% Triton X-100 for 10 minutes. The cells were blocked with a diluted solution of 5% bovine serum albumin in PBS, and incubated with anti-ZO-1 and anti-α-SMA antibodies overnight at 4° C. For secondary antibodies, the cells were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with FITC- or Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated secondary antibodies, TEXAS RED®-conjugated phalloidin (Invitrogen, USA) for f-actin staining, and Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen, USA) for nuclear staining. The results were observed using an epifluorescence microscope (Zeiss, Germany). For retinal flat-mount experiments, the eyes were enucleated from the mice, and each eye was fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 24 hours. The RPE/choroid/sclera complex was treated with a solution, which contains a semi-permeable solution and a blocking solution, at room temperature for 2 hours and 1 hour, respectively, and then incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4° C. The complex was washed with PBS and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature with secondary antibodies. Washing with PBS was performed and nuclear staining was performed with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, Sigma Aldrich, USA). The RPE/choroid/sclera complex was washed again with PBS and mounted with FLUOROMOUNT® (Sigma Aldrich, USA). Observation was performed under a fluorescence microscope.

Meanwhile, the information on primary antibodies used in the present invention is shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Dilution Experiment Antibody Manufacturer ratio performed Origin ZO-1 Invitrogen 1:1000 WB, ICC Rabbit ZO-1 Invitrogen 1:200  IHC Mouse Occludin Invitrogen 1:1000 WB Rabbit Fibronectin Sigma-Aldrich 1:1000 WB Rabbit α-SMA Sigma-Aldrich 1:1000 WB, ICC Mouse Vimentin Santa Cruz 1:1000 WB Mouse HA Roche 1:1000 WB Mouse Type I collagen Abcam 1:1000 WB Mouse CCN5 GenScript 1:1000 WB Mouse CCN5 OriGene 1:200  IHC Rabbit MerTK R&D Systems 1:1000 WB Goat RPE65 Abcam 1:1000 WB Mouse GAPDH Abcam 1:1000 WB Rabbit

EXAMPLE 8 RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

RNA was extracted using TRIZOL™ (Invitrogen, USA) reagent. cDNA was synthesized using a reverse transcription kit (Promega, USA), and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using SYBR® green (TAKARA, Japan). The level of RNA was analyzed by analyzing the amplification reaction curve, and this analysis was performed in triplicate or quadruplicate. The relative expression level of genes was quantified by normalization to 18s rRNA.

EXAMPLE 9 Collagen Gel Contraction Assay

Collagen gel contraction assays were performed as previously described (Liu Y, et al. Induction by latanoprost of collagen gel contraction mediated by human tenon fibroblasts: role of intracellular signaling molecules, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2008; 49(4): 1429-36). Specifically, cultured ARPE-19 cells were mixed with 1.2 mg/ml of collagen solution (Invitrogen, USA), and 1 N NaOH was added to neutralize the pH of the collagen solution. The collagen gel suspension (1×10⁵ cells/well, 500 μL) was added to a 24-well culture plate and polymerized for 1 hour at 37° C. When the collagen gel was formed, the edges thereof were removed with a pipette tip so that the gel is suspended in the medium. Then, treatment with various reagents was performed, and the extent of collagen gel contraction was measured and analyzed using ImageJ software (imagej.net/ImageJ).

EXAMPLE 10 In Vitro Analysis of Cell Migration Ability

In order to measure the cell migration ability, ARPE-19 cells were placed on a 12-well culture plate, each well containing a coverslip, and cultured until the cultured cells cover the entire area of the coverslip. Treatment with reagents was performed according to the experimental design, and then the cells were scratched using a 200 μL tip. After 24 hours, the cells were stained with DAPI and observed under a fluorescence microscope. Thereafter, the cell migration distance was measured using ImageJ software.

EXAMPLE 11 Phagocytosis Assay

ARPE-19 cells were seeded into a 24-well culture plate at a density of 5×10⁴ cells per well, and treated with AdLacZ or AdCCN5, and TGF-β. Treatment with TAMRA®-labeled apoptotic thymocytes or 1 mg/ml of PHRODO® Red BioParticles (Invitrogen, USA) was performed in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 6 and 4 hours, respectively, to observe an effect thereof on phagocytic activity.

In order to generate the TAMRA®-labeled apoptotic thymocytes, the thymus was obtained from 5- to 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice, and dissociated using a 5 ml syringe piston and a cell strainer to separate single thymocytes. The thymocytes were stained with 50 μM TAMRA®-SE (Invitrogen, USA) for 30 minutes in a cell incubator at 37° C. Thereafter, the thymocytes were de-stained by being incubated for 20 minutes under a condition of 37° C. in RPMI containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin/glutamine, and washed once with complete RPMI. Apoptosis of the thymocytes was induced by treatment with 50 μM dexamethasone (Calbiochem, Germany) in a CO₂ cell incubator at 37° C. for 4 hours. Thereafter, the cells were washed 3 times with complete RPMI, and 2×10⁵ apoptotic thymocytes were resuspended in 300 μl of phagocyte culture medium.

The apoptotic thymocyte suspension was incubated with the ARPE-19 cells in a cell incubator. Thereafter, the phagocytes were washed 5 times with cold PBS, trypsinized, and suspended in complete culture medium. Then, analysis was performed using a FACSCanto™ II flow cytometer (BD, USA).

Such ARPE-19 cells were gated according to the forward scatter/side scatter plot to distinguish between the ARPE-19 cells having performed phagocytosis and the ARPE-19 cells having not. The marker M1 was used for the gating, and then the percentage of fluorescence-positive events from 20,000 live cells per sample was calculated. Data were analyzed using FlowJo software (flowjo.com/).

EXAMPLE 12 Intravitreal Injection of AAV9-CCN5 and AAV9-VLP

AAV9-CCN5 was intravitreally injected using a 33 G needle underneath an operating microscope (Leica Microsystems Ltd., Germany). The opposite eye served as an AAV9-VLP control.

EXAMPLE 13 Statistical Analysis

Quantitative gene expression analysis was repeated three or more times. The experimental results were expressed in the form of mean±standard deviation, and statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. Statistical significance is indicated by an asterisk (*, p<0.05 or **, p<0.01).

II. Identification of Effect of CCN5 in ARPE-19 Cells

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1 Identification of Inhibitory Effect of CCN5 on Fibrotic Deformation of ARPE Cells

ARPE-19 is a cell line spontaneously induced to differentiate from human RPE. The mature ARPE-19 cells form a cobblestone-like monolayer and express marker proteins specific for epithelial cells. The cultured ARPE-19 cells were treated with TGF-β at 5 ng/ml or 10 ng/ml for 2 days (FIG. 1a ). The results are illustrated in FIGS. 1b to 1 d.

As illustrated in FIG. 1 b, after treatment with TGF-β, the ARPE-19 cells acquired a fibroblastic morphology. In particular, as illustrated in FIG. 1 c, it was identified that treatment with TGF-β significantly decreased the expression level of human-derived CCN5 protein. In parallel, the expression of the mesenchymal marker proteins, α-SMA, vimentin, fibronectin, and type I collagen, was increased, whereas the expression of the epithelial marker proteins, ZO-1 and occludin, was significantly decreased. In addition, it was identified through immunofluorescence staining that in a case of being treated with TGF-β, the expression of α-SMA and f-actin is increased and the formation of tight junction is inhibited (FIG. 1d ). From these results, it was found that treatment with TGF-β induces fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells. Therefore, in subsequent experiments, the ARPE-19 cells were treated with 10 ng/ml of TGF-β for 48 hours, to induce fibrotic deformation.

The ARPE-19 cells were infected with recombinant adenovirus (AdCCN5) expressing mouse-derived CCN5, or AdLacZ as a control. On day 2 after infection, the cells were treated with TGF-β (FIG. 2a ). The results are illustrated in FIGS. 2b to 2 d.

As illustrated in FIG. 2 b, AdCCN5 significantly inhibited the morphological changes induced by TGF-β. In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 2 c, Western blotting showed that AdCCN5 normalized the TGF-β-induced changes in expression of mesenchymal marker proteins and epithelial marker proteins. These changes were also identified through a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiment (FIG. 2d ). In addition, it was found through immunofluorescence staining for ZO-1 that a phenomenon, in which tight junction was disrupted by TGF-β, was inhibited by AdCCN5; and it was identified that increased expression of α-SMA and formation of f-actin, induced by TGF-β, were inhibited by AdCCN5 (FIG. 2e ).

On the other hand, increased contractile capacity due to increased expression of α-SMA was a hallmark of fibrotic deformation of epithelial cells. The collagen gel contraction assay showed that increased cellular contractility, caused by TGF-β, was significantly decreased by AdCCN5. These results are illustrated in FIG. 2 f.

A83-01 is an inhibitor of TGF-β receptor with its structural similarity to ALK-5 (Activin receptor-like kinase 5) inhibitors. It was observed through Western blotting that human-derived CCN5 inhibited TGF-β-induced fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells to the same level as A83-01 (FIG. 3).

From the above results, it was found that CCN5 prevented fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGF-β.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 2 Identification of Preventive Effect of CCN5 on Functional Deterioration of ARPE-19 Cells

TGF-β causes morphological changes as well as functional deterioration of ARPE-19 cells. The ARPE-19 cells were infected with mouse-derived AdCCN5 or AdLacZ for 2 days, and then treated again with TGF-β for 2 days. The cell monolayer was scratched. After 24 hours, the cell monolayer was checked under a microscope. The results are illustrated in FIG. 4 a. As illustrated in FIG. 4 a, TGF-β increased the migration ability of the ARPE-19 cells, and the migration of the ARPE-19 cells was significantly inhibited by AdCCN5.

The enzyme RPE65 is essential for normal vision and serves to convert all-trans retinal into 11-cis retinal. In addition, the protein MerTK plays a critical role in phagocytic activity of RPE cells. Western blotting showed that the expression levels of the enzyme RPE65 and the protein MerTK were significantly decreased upon treatment with TGF-β and that such a decrease was inhibited by mouse-induced AdCCN5. These results are illustrated in FIG. 4 b.

The phagocytic function of RPE cells was observed using the pH-sensitive fluorophore-labeled substances, PHRODO® Red-labeled BioParticles, and TAMRA-labeled apoptotic thymocytes. The fluorophore-labeled substances are activated in a case of being engulfed by acidic phagosomes. The RPE cells were incubated with these fluorophore-labeled substances and analyzed by flow cytometry. The results are illustrated in FIGS. 4c and 4 d.

As illustrated in FIGS. 4c and 4 d, the phagocytic activity of the RPE cells was markedly decreased by TGF-β, and this phenomenon was greatly inhibited by mouse-derived AdCCN5. From the above results, it was found that AdCCN5 prevented functional deterioration of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGF-β.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 3 Identification of Inhibitory Effect of CCN5 on TGF-β-SMAD Signaling Pathway

Western blotting was used to identify whether CCN5 had an effect on the TGF-β-SMAD signaling pathway. The results are illustrated in FIG. 5.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, TGF-β up-regulated the expression levels of TGF-βRII, which is a TGF-β receptor, and SNAI1 and SNAI2, which are transcription factors involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-β. However, the expression of these transcription factors was greatly decreased by AdCCN5. In addition, treatment with AdCCN5 inhibited an increase in phosphorylation of SMAD2 caused by TGF-β, and inhibited an increase in expression of SMAD4 caused by TGF-β. In addition, treatment with AdCCN5 inhibited a decrease in expression of SMAD7 caused by TGF-β. CCN2 is a pro-fibrotic molecule involved in fibrotic deformation of RPE cells and is a downstream target of TGF-β signaling. The expression level of CCN2 was increased by TGF-β, and such an increase was inhibited by AdCCN5. From the above results, it was found that CCN5 inhibited the TGF-β-SMAD signaling pathway.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 4 Identification of Restorative Effect of CCN5 on Fibrotic Deformation of ARPE-19 Cells

Experiments were conducted to see if CCN5 could restore the fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells which had already been formed due to TGF-β. For this purpose, the ARPE-19 cells were treated with TGF-β for 2 days, followed by infection with AdCCN5 or AdLacZ (FIG. 6a ). The results are illustrated in FIGS. 6b to 6 e.

As illustrated in FIG. 6 b, the morphological changes in the ARPE-19 cells, induced by TGF-β, were restored to their original shape by AdCCN5. In addition, Western blotting showed that AdCCN5 significantly normalized increased expression of mesenchymal marker proteins (α-SMA, vimentin, and fibronectin) and decreased expression of epithelial marker proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), both increase and decrease being induced by TGF-β (FIG. 6c ). In addition, immunofluorescence staining showed that tight junction disrupted by TGF-β was markedly restored by AdCCN5 and that AdCCN5 normalizes increased expression of α-SMA caused by TGF-β. In addition, phalloidin staining revealed that AdCCN5 normalizes an increased level of f-actin caused by TGF-β (FIG. 6d ). In addition, collagen gel contraction assay showed that increased cellular contractility caused by TGF-β was significantly decreased by AdCCN5 (FIG. 6e ). From the above results, it was found that CCN5 could restore fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGF-β.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 5 Identification of Restorative Effect of CCN5 on Functional Deterioration of ARPE-19 Cells

ARPE-19 cells were treated with TGF-β for 2 days and then infected with human-derived AdCCN5 or AdLacZ. Then, the function of ARPE-19 cells was analyzed. The results are illustrated in FIGS. 7a to 7 d.

As illustrated in FIG. 7 a, improved migration ability of the ARPE-19 cells induced by TGF-β was significantly decreased by AdCCN5. As illustrated in FIG. 7 b, AdCCN5 significantly normalized the expression of the proteins RPE65 and MerTK which had been decreased by TGF-β. In addition, flow cytometric analysis showed that the phagocytic activity decreased by TGF-β was markedly restored by AdCCN5 (FIGS. 7c and 7d ). From the above results, it was found that CCN5 could restore TGF-β-induced functional defects of ARPE-19 cells to normal.

Two days after treatment of the ARPE-19 cells with TGF-β, treatment with A83-01 of Formula 1 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), which is a TGF-β inhibitor, was performed (FIG. 8a ):

The results are illustrated in FIG. 8 b. As illustrated in FIG. 8 b, unlike CCN5, A83-01 failed to normalize abnormal changes in expression of mesenchymal marker proteins (α-SMA, vimentin, and fibronectin) and epithelial marker proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) (FIG. 8b ). From the above results, it was found that inhibition of TGF-β signal transduction could prevent TGF-β-induced fibrotic deformation in ARPE-19 cells and could not restore already-formed fibrotic deformation.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 6 Identification of In Vivo Restorative Effect of CCN5 on Fibrotic Deformation of RPE

Aged Ccl2^(−/−) mice have characteristics of dry age-related macular degeneration, including fibrotic deformation of RPE. Using intravitreal injection, 18-month-old Ccl2^(−/−) mice were injected with a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV9-CCN5) expressing human-derived CCN5 into the right eye and with a control virus (AAV9-VLP) into the left eye. 12 Weeks after injection, the eyes were enucleated to obtain RPE layers and analysis was performed (FIG. 9a ). The results are illustrated in FIGS. 9b and 9 c.

As illustrated in FIG. 9 b, the expression of CCN5 was markedly decreased in the RPE layer of the eye of the Ccl2^(−/−) mice as compared with the RPE layer of the eye of normal (WT) mice, and such a decrease was restored by AAV9-CCN5. The expression of mesenchymal marker proteins (α-SMA, vimentin, and fibronectin) was markedly increased in the RPE of the Ccl2^(−/−) mice, whereas the expression of epithelial marker proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) and RPE function-related marker proteins (RPE65 and MerTK) was greatly decreased. Such changes were restored by AAV9-CCN5 to normal.

In addition, the RPE/choroid/sclera complex was examined to identify unique characteristics of tight junction of the RPE cells. The results are illustrated in FIG. 9 c.

As illustrated in FIG. 9 c, it was observed that the tight junction's structure of a well-ordered hexagonal shape as shown in the RPE of 18-month-old normal mice injected with AAV9-VLP had been deformed into an irregular shape in the RPE of age-matched Ccl2^(−/−) mice injected with the control virus. On the contrary, it was identified that in the RPE cells of age-matched Ccl2^(−/−) mice intravitreally injected with AAV9-CCN5, tight junction had been restored to its normal shape. In addition, at the same time, decreased expression of the protein RPE65 was normalized, and the expression of α-SMA was also decreased (FIG. 9c ). From the above results, it was found that fibrotic deformation shown in the RPE of aged Ccl2^(−/−) mice was restored by CCN5.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 7 Preventive Effect of CCN5 on Fibrotic Deformation of ARPE-19 Cells Caused by Disruption of Tight Junction

Cellular tight junction is important for RPE function, and disruption of tight junction is closely correlated with various eye diseases. In a case where RPE cells are treated with a combination of EGTA, EGF, and FGF-2 (hereinafter EEF), tight junction of the RPE cells is disrupted, resulting in loss of normal morphology and function of the RPE.

ARPE-19 cells were infected with human-derived AdCCN5 or AdLacZ for 2 days, and then treated again with EEF for 2 days (FIG. 10a ). The results are illustrated in FIGS. 10b to 10 d. As illustrated in FIG. 10 b, AdCCN5 significantly inhibited morphological changes induced by the EEF treatment. Western blotting showed that AdCCN5 inhibited increased expression of CCN2 and mesenchymal marker proteins (α-SMA, vimentin, and fibronectin) and inhibited decreased expression of epithelial marker proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), both increase and decrease being induced by the combination of EEF (FIG. 10c ). It is a noteworthy result that the expression of CCN5 is decreased by EEF. In addition, immunofluorescence staining showed that AdCCN5 inhibits disruption of tight junction induced by EEF and inhibited increased expression of α-SMA induced by EEF. Phalloidin staining showed that AdCCN5 inhibited f-actin formed by EEF (FIG. 10d ). From the above results, it was found that CCN5 prevented fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells which was caused by disruption of tight junction induced by EEF.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 8 Preventive Effect of CCN5 on Fibrotic Deformation of ARPE-19 Cells Induced by Bevacizumab

Use of an anti-VEGF drug that inhibits neovascularization is a widely used method for treating wet age-related macular degeneration. However, this method has a side effect of causing morphological and functional changes in RPE cells. Bevacizumab is a first-generation anti-VEGF drug commonly used to treat various cancers or wet age-related macular degeneration. In this experimental example, it was examined whether bevacizumab induced fibrotic deformation in ARPE-19 cells and whether such an adverse result was prevented by human-derived CCN5. The specific experimental process is shown in Example 2, and this experimental process is schematically illustrated in FIG. 11 a. The experimental results are illustrated in FIGS. 11b to 11 d.

As illustrated in FIG. 11 b, in a case where the ARPE-19 cells are treated with bevacizumab, the morphology of the cells changed, and this phenomenon was inhibited by AdCCN5. Western blotting showed that AdCCN5 inhibited increased expression of mesenchymal marker proteins (α-SMA, vimentin and fibronectin) and inhibited decreased expression of epithelial marker proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), both increase and decrease being induced by bevacizumab (FIG. 11c ). It is a noteworthy result that the expression of CCN5 is decreased by bevacizumab. In addition, immunofluorescence staining showed that AdCCN5 inhibited disruption of tight junction induced by bevacizumab (FIG. 11d ). From the above results, it was found that CCN5 prevented fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells induced by bevacizumab.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 9 Effect of Modified mRNA Encoding CCN5 and CCN5 Protein

Experiments were performed according to the experimental processes schematically illustrated in FIGS. 12a and 13a using modified mRNA encoding human-derived CCN5 (hereinafter referred to as modRNA-CCN5) or purified human-derived CCN5 protein. The results are illustrated in FIGS. 12b to 12c and FIGS. 13b to 13 c.

Western blotting showed that in ARPE-19 cells, modRNA-CCN5 and purified CCN5 protein inhibited increased expression of mesenchymal marker proteins (α-SMA, vimentin, and fibronectin) and restored decreased expression of epithelial marker proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) to a normal level, both increase and decrease being induced by TGF-β (FIGS. 12b and 13b ). In addition, immunofluorescence staining showed that the modRNA-CCN5 and purified CCN5 protein restore the tight junction, disrupted by TGF-β, to normal (FIG. 12c and FIG. 13c ). The results show that even in a case where CCN5 is delivered in the form of modified mRNA and purified protein, it has an excellent effect in restoring fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells induced by TGF-β.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 10 Preventive Effect of CCN5 on Fibrotic Deformation of ARPE-19 Cells Induced by Anti-VEGF Drugs (Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept)

It was examined whether bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept, which were anti-VEGF drugs, equally induced fibrotic deformation in ARPE-19 cells and whether this deformation was prevented by CCN5 (FIG. 14a ). The experimental process is schematically illustrated in FIG. 14 a, and the experimental results are illustrated in FIGS. 14b and 14 c.

As illustrated in FIG. 14 b, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept, which are anti-VEGF drugs, equally resulted in decreased expression of CCN5 and increased expression of CCN2, and this phenomenon was inhibited by CCN5 protein. Western blotting showed that CCN5 inhibited increased expression of mesenchymal marker proteins (α-SMA, vimentin, and fibronectin) and decreased expression of epithelial marker proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), both increase and decrease being induced by anti-VEGF drugs (FIG. 14c ). In addition, immunofluorescence staining showed that CCN5 inhibited disruption of tight junction, increased expression of α-SMA, and formation of f-actin, all of which were induced by anti-VEGF drugs (FIG. 14c ). These results show that fibrotic deformation of ARPE-19 cells induced by anti-VEGF drugs is prevented by CCN5.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 11 Preventive Effect of CCN5 on Fibrotic Deformation of iPSC-Derived RPE Cells Induced by TGF-β

Experiments for identifying a preventive effect of human-derived CCN5 on fibrotic deformation of RPE cells induced by TGF-β were performed in human iPSC-derived RPE cells. The iPSC-derived RPE cells were seeded, and 2 weeks later, the cells were infected with AAV2-CCN5. Then, culture was performed for 25 days, and then treatment with TGF-β was performed for 3 days (FIG. 15a ). Within 2 weeks of cell seeding, the iPSC-derived RPE cells show a tightly packed cobblestone shape. One month later, the cells began to show RPE cell-specific pigmentation while forming a dome shape. The results are illustrated in FIG. 15 b.

Immunofluorescence staining showed that AAV2-CCN5 inhibits disruption of tight junction, increased expression of α-SMA, and formation of f-actin, all of which were induced by TGF-β (FIG. 15b ). The above results show that fibrotic deformation of iPSC-derived RPE cells, induced by TGF-β, is prevented by CCN5. 

1-10. (canceled)
 11. A method for preventing or treating a retinal disease of a subject in need thereof, comprising: a step of administering, to the subject, an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: (a) a CCN5 protein or a fragment thereof; (b) a nucleic acid encoding the CCN5 protein; (c) a recombinant vector comprising the nucleic acid (b); and (d) an isolated recombinant cell comprising the nucleic acid (b) as a heterologous gene or the recombinant vector (c).
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the administering is performed via any one selected from the group consisting of intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrasternal, transdermal, intranasal, inhalation, topical, rectal, oral, intraocular, intravitreal, and intradermal routes.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising administering an anti-VEGF drug.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the anti-VEGF drug is bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or aflibercept.
 15. (canceled)
 16. (canceled)
 17. (canceled)
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the CCN5 is human-derived CCN5.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the isolated recombinant cell (d) is a stem cell or a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the stem cell is a mesenchymal stem cell or an iPSC.
 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the nucleic acid (b) is an mRNA.
 22. The method of claim 11, wherein the CCN5 is a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO:
 6. 23. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject suffers from fibrotic deformation of retinal pigment epithelial cells.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the fibrotic deformation is caused by any one selected from the group consisting of TGF-β (Transforming growth factor-β), EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid), EGF (epidermal growth factor), FGF-2 (fibroblast growth factor-2), and an anti-VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) drug.
 25. The method of claim 11, wherein the retinal disease is any one selected from the group consisting of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal edema.
 26. The method of claim 11, wherein the nucleic acid (b) includes the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO:
 5. 27. The method of claim 11, wherein the isolated recombinant cell (d) is a virus.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the virus is any one selected from the group consisting of adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), retrovirus, lentivirus, herpes simplex virus, and vaccinia virus. 